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These arbitrary explanatory phrases become precise new operators, created on the fly by the programmer, forming a meta-language on top of the underlying programming language.Ī preprocessor is used to substitute arbitrary hierarchies, or rather "interconnected 'webs' of macros", to produce the compilable source code with one command ("tangle"), and documentation with another ("weave"). These macros are similar to the algorithms in pseudocode typically used in teaching computer science.

Macros in a literate source file are simply title-like or explanatory phrases in a human language that describe human abstractions created while solving the programming problem, and hiding chunks of code or lower-level macros. Literate programming is writing out the program logic in a human language with included (separated by a primitive markup) code snippets and macros. The practice of literate programming has seen an important resurgence in the 2010s with the use of computational notebooks, especially in data science.

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However, it resembles the complicated nature of software delicately pieced together from simple materials.

The implementation was called " WEB" since he believed that it was one of the few three-letter words of English that had not yet been applied to computing. He implemented it at Stanford University as a part of his research on algorithms and digital typography. Literate programming was first introduced in 1984 by Donald Knuth, who intended it to create programs that were suitable literature for human beings.

4.3 Order of human logic, not that of the compiler.

2.2 Contrast with documentation generation.

While the first generation of literate programming tools were computer language-specific, the later ones are language-agnostic and exist beyond the individual programming languages. Literate programming (LP) tools are used to obtain two representations from a source file: one understandable by a compiler or interpreter, the "tangled" code, and another for viewing as formatted documentation, which is said to be "woven" from the literate source. Literate programs are written as an exposition of logic in more natural language in which macros are used to hide abstractions and traditional source code, more like the text of an essay. The literate programming paradigm, as conceived by Donald Knuth, represents a move away from writing computer programs in the manner and order imposed by the computer, and instead gives programmers macros to develop programs in the order demanded by the logic and flow of their thoughts. Literate programming tools are used by millions of programmers today. The approach is used in scientific computing and in data science routinely for reproducible research and open access purposes. Literate programming is a programming paradigm introduced in 1984 by Donald Knuth in which a computer program is given an explanation of its logic in a natural language, such as English, interspersed (embedded) with snippets of macros and traditional source code, from which compilable source code can be generated.

Literate Programming by Donald Knuth is the seminal book on literate programming Programming paradigms